By: Kristen Henry
Articles:
Bernat, Jeffrey A; Calhoun, Karen S.; Stolp Stephanie. “Sexually Aggressive Men’s
Responses to a Date Rape Analogue: Alcohol as a Disinhibiting Cue.” The Journal of Sex Research 35, no. 4 (November 1998): 341-348 http://links.jstor.org.
In this article a group of college kids are instructed to listen to an analogue about date rape which cues of nonconsensual and force grew as the person spoke. Half of the college kids are very aggressive people and the other group aren’t aggressive at all. The instructor told them that they weren’t allowed to know if alcohol was involved or not. The result was that the absence of alcohol in the instruction really affected the aggressive boys’ behavior and reaction to the tape; whereas, the impact the absence of alcohol had on non-aggressive boys did not matter nearly as much. This shows that aggressive people’s behavior drastically changes when alcohol is consumed and they are aware of it. It also shows that they probably use it as an excuse if their decision about rape was very different when alcohol was involved and wasn’t involved. The aggressive boys also rated women higher for probably wanting sex or leading the guys on and assumed women were being more dishonest than how the non-aggressive boys viewed thought. This article really shows how in my topic of rape aggression is a very important and consistent trait of behavior among rapists. They are aggressive, controlling, and think they are right mostly all the time. That is why they thought the girls were just being dishonest. With this way of thinking during a date rape situation they are likely to think the same way and assume she is being dishonest then and that’s why people commit crimes such as rape. Acting aggressive and forcing yourself on someone is considered a very deviant act.
Boswell, Ayres A; Spade, Joan Z. “Fraternities and Collegiate Rape Culture: Why Are
Some Fraternities More Dangerous Place for Women?” Gender and Society 10, no. 2 (April 1996): 133-147 http://links.jstor.org.
This article compares two college fraternities: one which is described by undergraduate women as high-risk for rape and another which is described as low-risk for rape. This article also compares risks at two local bars. This article wants to get to the bottom of it. What defines that difference between two fraternities? They have the same factors and goals. There has to be something, however, that makes them different. In college, 1 out of every 4 women experience rape or sexual assault. A lot of people, especially administration and researchers feel that fraternities are the place where rape will occur most and because of fraternities is does occur more than it would if the school did not have one. This article’s goal is to identify the contexts that will link campus rape to fraternities and see if fraternities really do have as big of an impact as people think. In this article, women consider some fraternities like safe houses where they can go to if they are trouble. But also think of some fraternities as the places they would leave because they feel scared. There are different fraternities for different types of people. Some fraternities contain more sexually aggressive men. I think this article applies to my topic very well because rape is most common on college campuses and this article is really trying to figure out what that difference is between fraternities that make some so much more dangerous than others.
Campell, Robin R; Cowan, Gloria. “Rape Causal Attitudes among Adolescents.” The
Journal of Sex Research 32, no. 2 (1995): 145-153. http://links.jstor.org.
This article outlines gender differences with how rape is viewed and what the main causes of rape are, which seem to differ based on ethnicity and very much so on gender. This article shows that rape is viewed more extensively by female than by males. It outlines the five possible causes of rape which are: male dominance, female precipitation, society, male sexuality, and male pathology. These possible causes were a result of a questionnaire taken by a group of high-school students in a rape-education program. It discusses the different causes of rape based on peoples’ gender and ethnicity. This article recommends an educational program for teenagers about rape to fully discuss myths and stories about rape and review main causes. This article strongly recommends teenagers to discuss what they think are the causes of rape with their parents because communicating with them can be very influential and important. It is likely that they know someone in their life who has dealt with rape and sharing stories can benefit teenagers because they know how to try and avoid putting themselves in bad situations which can lead to rape. It points out there is a strong difference between the two genders on the view of rape and that is a problem that needs to be corrected and can be with programs that inform people of different facts about rape and communicating with anyone about the idea of rape is very important and can open your eyes to many things. This article falls directly into my topic about rape and can help show the different viewpoint of it based on gender and how it depends on gender and society, similar to how deviance is looked at.
Chandler, Susan Meyers; Harter, Richard A; Ruch, Libby O. “Life Change and Rape
Impact” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21, no. 3 (Sept, 1980): 248-260 http://links.jstor.org.
This article is analyzing the relationship between life changing experiences and the impact of trauma to a rape victim. Studies have shown that life changes can really alter a person’s emotions and cause them to become more sensitive to certain things. In the case of rape, a person who has any kind of life change prior to a rape incident, they will be more affected because they’re emotions are already more susceptible. This article studies 4 models that were created to test this theory and the result was that it has an incredibly effect is something has occurred in a female’s past and she becomes a rape victim. Whether it was a positive or negative experience, the victim will have a different type of emotional response to being victimized in a situation. This article shows that rape or any type of assault can have a serious effect on a victim, but it can be worse for those with occurrences in their past. Thus result concluded can help mental health interventions. Trauma for these people will be more long-term and harder to get over. Other factors that will also affect rape of trauma are age of the victim, relationship between the victim and victimizer, depression or attempted suicide. I like this article and I feel it works well with my topic because it really gets into factors that will affect how great of an impact a victim who has been raped will face.
Chapman, Kathy; Cohn, Ellen; Ward, Sally K.; White, Susan; Williams, Kirk.
“Acquaintance Rape and the College Social Scene” Family Relations 40, no. 1 (Jan 1991): 65-71. http://links.jstor.org.
This article predicts the estimated incidences on just one college campus of unwanted sexual occurrences. This article points out the ages that are at the highest risk for rape, which is between 16 and 19. Between 20 and 24 comes after that. This obviously shows that college students are the ones who need to be the most careful because it is occurring mostly in that age group. This article used a self-managed survey with college girls to receive its results on unwanted sexual experiences. The survey showed that 34% had experience unwanted contact from someone. It showed that 20% of women experiences men attempting intercourse on them. And 10% faced unwanted intercourse. The most typical and popular form of rape these days is date rape. The author claims that he has found the problem on why there is so much date rape. It also really gets into why underreporting of rapes is so bad: because if it with a stranger it’s very hard to deal with it and catch the person. Any type of contact on a girl unwillingly is rape; ambiguity exists with rape issues and it is shown in report on a variety of college campuses. This article addresses and discusses the problems that lead to date rape. I like this article for my topic but it specifically addresses date rape and uses very specific statistics to show just how real, common, and incredibly serious rape is to college women especially.
Faison, Rebecca; Orcutt, James D. “Sex-Role Attitude Change and Reporting of Rape
Victimization, 1973-1985” Sociological Quarterly 29, no. 4 (1988): 589-604 http://links.jstor.org.
This article examines the relationship between police reports from victims about rape and sex-role attitude change in females over the years. The police reports range from teens and college students to adults and relate them to annual surveys about victims. Sex-role attitudes are declining as rapes increase. Also what is increasing is more and more females are getting raped by people they know. The percentage has severely increased over the years and there are fewer and fewer strangers compared to people in contact with one another, whether in school or in a workplace. This article also points out that the percentage of strangers who are committing rape crimes are often found using weapons during it. This is more likely that they can get away with beating because their victims don’t recognize them. If they did, they could get in worse trouble. This article also helps to explain rape myths that developed over the years. Feminists point out in this articles that women “learn” to become victims based on their role in society. Just like men learn to become controllers based on our society. This article points out that many rapes are rationalized based on stereotypes. This can really help support my topic with deviance because labeling is such a big part of it and how our society, especially the hierarchy, molds decisions and actions around stereotypes. A person, based on stereotype, can be either punished worse or less no matter what evidence they have.
Gelles, Richard J. “Power, Sex, and Violence: The Case of Marital Rape.” The Family
Coordinator 26, no. 4 (October 1977): 339-347. http://links.jstor.org.
This article really focuses in on how force and violence, sexually, can occur in marital relationships as well and often do. Women give into their husband when they want sex because they are either scared he is going to leave someone better or, in a lot of cases, intimidated by the physical force their husband has and how overpowering they may seem. A lot less women report marital rape over date rape because they fear their husbands and are scared that because they are married it’s okay. Many women whore are raped are right after their husbands beat them Marital rape was not even considered serious until recently; it wasn’t seen as that big of a problem because there were so many less reports on it. Women being abused by their husbands and rape are two issues that for a long time were underreported. Now more and more women are growing strong enough to know that there are clinics and places they can go and talk to others who are going through the same thing and seek help. A reason marital rape is so underreported is because at court, they were often ignored by the police or judges because they were married. For some reason that made it less of an offense to people who were judging them. This can work very well with my topic because it shows the difference between this and date rape. Until I read this article it didn’t occur to me that many wives don’t feel it is something serious enough to report and are scared their husbands will leave them or treat them worse and are often looked down upon by the criminal system.
Goodstein, Lynne; Shotland, R. Lance. “Just Because She Doesn’t Want to Doesn’t Mean
It’s Rape: An Experimentally Based Causal Model of the Perception of Rape in a Dating Situation.” Social Psychology Quarterly 46, no. 3 (Sep, 1983): 220-232. http://links.jstor.org.
This article examines a date-rape situation and tests and analyzes behavior in it. It presents a detailed date situation and the male and female become alone. The male begins to lightly/ moderately push for sex with the woman. The article then examines the result when a woman protests early, in the middle, or late into the date. After analyzing situations, the result was that women were blamed when they reacted late into foreplay because they were though of leading the man on. The man, however, was blamed when there was more force with more protest early on. He was also considered violent when this occurred. Therefore, this study concluded that two definite causes of rapes are the man’s force and the woman’s reaction and how far into foreplay it came. This article also revolves around rapist and rapist victims knowing one another before the incident. Between 1/3 and 1/2 know each other or have been acquainted in an appropriate setting. This article also talks about how about 23% of college students have admitted to forcing themselves on women because they were too aroused to stop when the women protested. This article would apply to my topic because it includes what studies consider to be partly women’s fault and what line, when crossed, is considered rape. If women resist early it makes them less at fault and when men are less forceful it makes them less at fault.
Greendlinger, Virginia; Byrne, Donn. “Coercive Sexual Fantasies of College Men as
Predictors of Self-Reported Likelihood to Rape and Overt Sexual Aggression” The Journal of Sex Research 23, no. 1 (Feb, 1987): 1-11 http://links.jstor.org.
This article researches rapists past aggression and the role they play in their sexual fantasies. The researchers studied two target variables- rape and sexual behavior. The study found that they actually were not correlated with one another. They tested college students on their assessments of sexual fantasies, past violence or aggression, willingness to rape someone, what they know about rape, and myths that they have heard. This study really gave a lot of conclusions about who is more likely to commit rape based on their perception of rape and past violence. They discovered a person likely to rape someone was closely related with past history of their sexual behavior. Those who were more sexually active were more likely to rape someone. Those who accepted rape myths and believed them tended to be controlling people with aggressive behavior. Sexual fantasies were related to their past sexual history which then leads back to more likely to raping someone. Just studying what people think of myths and whether they accept them, if they are aggressive people, and assessments of their sexual desires can predict who is more likely to rape someone. I think this would work very well with my topic and deviance because a lo0t of times deviant acts are committed based on the person’s past, how they were brought up, and what kind of children they were like. Deviant people are deviant for a reason similar to when people rape, it’s usually a result of something in their past or in their personality that triggers it.
Hirschman, Richard; Mitchell, Damon; Nagavama Hall, Gordon C. “Attributions of
Victim Responsibility, Please, and Trauma in Male Rape.” The Journal of Sex Research 36, no. 4 (Nov, 1999): 369-373 http://links.jstor.org.
This article talks about a study conducted to focus and study two things. One was to study relationship between a male rape victim and attributions of participants responsibility, degree of pleasure, and amount of trauma from the assault. The other was studying the difference between the two sexes attributions of responsibility, please, and trauma. The study compares the difference between a homosexual victim and a heterosexual victim who have both been raped. Over 300 college students were gathered to read information on it and answer questions after and state their feelings. They felt the man who was raped (the homosexual) was more responsible, received more please, and faced less trauma compared to the heterosexual. Males also gave the male victim more responsibility and pleasure than females did. This just goes to show that females cannot be so sympathetic considering they are the ones most of the time who are getting raped and know how traumatic of an experience it can be. I think this article also really connects to labeling. Once the college students saw “homosexual” victim they just automatically assumed he was less traumatized than a heterosexual because of how they’re labeled. This can definitely apply to my topic because it’s interesting to connect it with labeling which can relate back to deviance and how because of a person’s label, without realizing, you are automatically more biased and thinking more along the lines of how they are labeled.
Kanavy, Mary Jeanne; Stack, Steven. “The Effect of Religion on Forcible Rape: A
Structural Analysis.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 22, no. 1 (Mar 1983): 67-74. http://links.jstor.org.
This article has collected studies across the country on the impact of Catholicism on issues such as rape. Durkheim’s theory of deviance relates the relation that the less religious involvement there is, the higher crime rates are. Variables such as deterrence and age roles are related to theories with crime. This article feels the lower amount of Catholicism there is, the lower rates of rape. Great forms of regulation in sex, such as abortions, birth controls, and premarital sex can restrict rape to a certain extent because if you’re brought up Catholic, these things are drilled into your head at a very young age and the thought of rape may never enter your head even as you get older. All that Catholics are against will control and limit sexual deviancies. Models that are discussed in this article also relate the jobs people have to rape. A better job a person may have may set their goals in line and if they are a good all around person, rape isn’t likely to cross them. A teacher for example can go either way. Some teachers who have a passion for their job and respect the children would never think of it, where some may develop desires for the students. I like this article for my topic because it compares it to religion and how religion can control deviance which can limit rape. This article goes really well with the sociology course as well and can entail a lot of what we have learned throughout the year because the theories discussed in this article are rooted from some perspective theories.
LaFree, Gary D. “Male Power and Female Victimization: Toward a Theory of Interracial
Rape.” The American Journal of Sociology 88, no. 2 (September 1982): 311-328 http://links.jstor.org.
This article addresses the idea of intraracial rape and how the issue of rape has always thought to be intraracial but now studies show that there are more black victimizers raping white victims so it is now much more interracial. The rates have skyrocketed over the years. This article suggest that the reason for that is because over the years blacks and whites have grown very close to one another and we live is a much racist world than in the past. Now that blacks and whites interact everyday at school, work, and even just hanging out, they are surrounded by each other. Studies have shown however, that a black person raping a white person is no more violent than rape of the same race or a white person raping a black person. The author of this article compares sexual stratification in cases of interracial rape and intraracial rape and compare and contrast them. His purpose of the article is to find out for sure if the actions and behaviors of rapists depend on the victim’s race. I like this article for my topic because it’s one of the only that deals with race and I think seeing rape in different cultures a races is really interesting and good for my topic because you can then get a clearer idea of the type of people and their race.
Warr, Mark. “Fear of Rape among Urban Women” Social Problems 32, no. 3 (Feb,
1985): 238-250 http://links.jstor.org.
This article is based on surveys taken in Seattle to explain the fear of rape among urban women. Young girls, especially, fear rape because they feel it is most likely to happen and it is so serious and can affect you for the rest of your life. Younger women fear rape more than any other crime according to many studies. Another reason that it scares these young women so much is because of how common it has gotten and that many girls know girls who have been raped. It’s scary to them that they are in the target zone and many feel defenseless compared to men because of the societal role women play. A person’s lifestyle plays a major role in the fear of rape. For example, those who have grown up in a more sheltered environment will probably fear it more than people who have been exposed to more abuse. Many young women fear rape because they see it as so unfair. This paper is targeted only at people who fear rape. Not about rapist or victims, just about those who fear it, why they fear it, what could have led to it, and why they fear it more than others. This article addresses the issue that the fear of rape puts women back into their tradition role in society because it makes them want to be at home more and makes them become more passive, which gives males more power. This article would be necessary for my topic because it is important to really dig into the fear of rape. We know that women fear it but the reasons why women fear it are very interesting and true and roots back to their traditional role in society, especially compared to men.
Whaley, Rachel Bridges. “The Paradoxican Relationship between Gender Inequality and
Rape: Toward a Refined Theory.” Gender and Society 15, no. 4 (Aug, 2001): 531-555. http://links.jstor.org.
This article improves and changes a feminist based theory on rape and how it relates to unequal power between men and women. It connects rape with a patriarchal gender stratification system and feels that creation of unequal positions in society between females and males has led to how bad rape has become. This article states that in the short-run, gender inequality reduces the rates of rape. The long-run gender inequality, however, has much higher rates and therefore increased rape over the years. The article, however, sees more into this feminist theory and, in a way, disagrees with it because they see a more accurate theory. The author doesn’t necessarily feel that the sole purpose of how bad rapes are at the time are because of gender inequality. He thinks a stronger reason for rape rates being so high is because over the years, since the 70s, women have been trying to break out of their passive, traditional role and become more free and independent. This has in a way caused a conflict between the sexes because they are trying to join, if not take over, the male role in society. Because of this, the author feels men are taking out their anger on women and more rapes and abuse are occurring because of that theory, rather than just gender inequality. I really like this article for my topic because it takes another look at the reasons for rapes being so out of control and it differs with the other theories that it is because of gender inequality. I liked seeing it from a different viewpoint.
Williams, Linda S. “The Classic Rape: When Do Victims Report?” Social Problems 31,
no. 4 (April, 1984): 459-467. http://links.jstor.org.
This article is trying to answer one very important question: Why so many people who get raped do not go to the police? The author, after investigating almost 250 women’s cases that were reported, feels that the reason for so many people not reporting themselves are because they are unsure of their role and responsibility in the attack. Many feel very threatened and are scared of it happening again so they just are quiet about it. Many are very traumatized and begin to become in complete denial about it. The women who see themselves as true victims are the ones who are most likely report. These women are the ones who know they were completely innocent in the case and therefore aren’t afraid to report it. Many question themselves after and will think some of the reason they got raped is their fault and are afraid to confront it so they take the easy road out and don’t say anything. Some are also very scared that they will be blamed by friends and family members for getting themselves in a situation like that to begin with and are afraid people may view them as stupid. A major cause of rape victims keeping their mouths closed is because they are scared of retaliation by the rapist, which you cannot blame them for. This does not just occur in rape cases. In this article it is found that black women who are raped tend to report it more than white women. This article also found a study that showed marries women are the least likely to report any type of rape. This article works very well with my topic and can help explain why women are scared of reporting rape cases.
Periodicals
Armstrong, Elizabeth A; Hamilton, Laura; Sweeney, Brian. “Sexual Assault on Campus:
A Multilevel, Integrative Approach to Party Rape.” Social Problems. Berkeley: Nov 2006. Vol. 53, Iss. 4; p. 483
This article does a great job of getting down to the real reasons why rape is existing so much on college campuses and not just in fraternities, but everywhere. People, for nine months, observed and studied the “party dorms” on the women’s floor of a school out in the Midwest. These observors also interviewed over this time 42 residents from that floor, and a total of 16 group interviews with other students who attend that college. What they noticed was that the males and females at the college are constantly interacting. And it is important to consider that college kids drink heavily, especially those in fraternities. This article also addresses the issue that many people trust one another, especially if they’ve known eachother for a while. Fraternities are usually in control of the party and when girls come they are nice and polite because they want to stay at the party. This leads to girls and boys talking and with alcohol involved, it leads in many cases to sexual force. Because people conform, no one will insult the fraternities party. Everyone just will attend and be nice and happy and especially for new people who want to make friends. I think this article has a lot of extremely valid points, coming from a college student. I think that people just conform to be socially polite and nice. That’s okay, until it gets to the point where someone is in control of them. People aren’t being deviant and leaving when they want to leave or saying the party is bad because everyone cares too much about other people’s feelings.
Beckett, Richard; Beech, Anthony R., Fisher, Dawn; Oliver, Caroline J. “A Comparison
of Rapists and Sexual Murderers on Demographic and Selected Psychometric Measures.” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. London: Jun 2007. Vol. 51, Iss. 3; p. 298
This periodical studies men who were in prison for rape and other bad sexual acts and behavior as well as sexual murders and they were all about to be treated for it. The two groups, rapists and sexual murderers, were separated and given many tests and questions about their lives, history, offense details, characteristics, etc. What they found after the study was that the sexual murderers had higher self-esteem, weren’t currently seeing anyone or in a relationship, and their victims were in many cases older people. The rapists, on the other hand, had much lower self esteem and were often depressed, were convicted more previously for violence. They also tested them on deviance and the group that was found to have committed more deviant acts in their history were the rapists and these deviant acts were non sexual. The rapists seemed were more depressed, held more resentment, and were overall suspicious people. The two groups were found to be pretty much equal with personality disorders and certain syndromes. Most of them had problems, but the rapists were definitely rated higher with anger. I think this article is good for my topic because it includes that the rapist group, after many studies, was proven to have more history in deviance. It is very interesting for my topic of rape to compare it to other kinds of sexual crime and see how these people are different. It makes the research more interesting.
Ben-David, Sarah; Schneider, Ofra. “Rape Perceptions, Gender Role Attitudes, and
Victim-PerpetratorAcquaintance” Sex Roles. New York: Sep 2005. Vol. 53, Iss. 5-6; p. 385
This periodical shows that some people tend to think that rape is less severe when the people are close. They feel the closer they are the less and less worse it becomes. Women, compared to men, were less likely to think it was less severe. This study was given to 150 Israeli students and they assessed the connections and severity of factors such as gender role attitudes, how the victim and rapist knew each other, and their perception of the rape situation. The more that the two were acquainted, the less the students rated everything else. They even thought the rapist deserved less of a punishment. People tend to think that when people are close, it is okay to make mistakes even when they are big ones. But when they think of a stranger committing the same exact act they think of it to be so much worse, when in reality it is exactly the same act. The students also felt the more the two were acquainted, the less it would damage the victim psychologically. I couldn’t disagree with this more. I think it would be so much worse if you knew the person because that will be something that ruins your relationship and is an unforgettable experience. I think it can really hurt someone and most definitely feel they will never trust anyone ever again. I like this article for my topic because I think it’s something easy to argue with and I think these students conformed with the idea that things are better when you know someone, but in actuality I think of it to be much worse. I don’t think these people are breaking away from that conformed idea at all. They are thinking too much along the lines as everyone else.
Looman, Jan; Marshall, W.L.. “Sexual Arousal in Rapists.” Criminal Justice and
Behavior. Thousand Oaks: Aug 2005. Vol. 32, Iss. 4; p. 367
This article tests how accurate and valid the studies and assessments given to rapists are. It shows that rapists in general do not have a sexual preference for description of rape, but they do with consensual sex. They don’t think of different ways to rape a person, compared to when they are consensually having sex with a woman. They also don’t always plan on raping someone. I think it is interesting to be in the mind of a rapist for a second and although it makes sense, it is interesting to know that majority of rapists do not really imagine a desirable image or way of raping someone, as they do in consensual sex. Although there are certainly an amount of rapists who are sick and enjoy doing it so they plan and imagine it. The periodical points out that for whomever is deciphering between a deviant and a non deviant in this situation, there is hardly any agreement between stimulus sets as to membership of a group. I like this article because I think seeing it from a different view and seeing that rape can not be thought of before but just a quick bad decision is sometimes good to consider. Not saying at all that makes it okay but I think, especially for girls, that should make them put a stronger guard up because it can be anyone doing it since this study just showed that it is not always though through. When a girl resists and they are into it they will do anything to do it, even if violence and aggression is the way to.
Maisto, Stephen A.; Noel, Nora E.; Sims, Calvin M. “Rape blame as a function of alcohol
presence and resistance type.” Addictive Behaviors. Oxford: Dec 2007. Vol. 32, Iss. 12; p. 2766
This article addresses the issue of rape being often blames on how strong the resistance of the victim is and whether alcohol is involved or not and is completely different from a girls point of view than a boys! This study tested participants acknowledgments of responsibility of the victim who was getting raped, sexually abused, or assaulted, based on the resistance and alcohol use. They found after the test results were shown that the responsibility of the victim fluctuated a lot in different cases depending on alcohol, but not at all based on resistance. Not only men chose this, but women did as well. Gender differences were hardly a difference in this study. The article suggests research that should be conducted in the future. The studies also showed films and videos and felt that had a much higher affect on the participants than when a scenario was read to them aloud or written down on paper. The author of the periodical thinks that in the future it should be tested on why that is so. I think that’s totally understandable that a video had a greater effect on the participants because something won’t really hit you until you can literally see it with your own eyes. That really goes for everything, not just rape incidents. I think that if people want to get rape messages across they should show videos because that will do a better job in getting the message across to people and show how the deviance is actually committed.
Books:
Amir, Menachem. Patterns in Forcible Rape. Chicago, University of Chicago press,
1971.
This book shows all of the characteristics of the victim and then describes their rapist’s character traits as well from 1958 to 1960 and analyzes their situation- their personal relationship. They examine both their employments, ages, statuses, ages, situations, behaviors before and after the rapes. They can also tell a lot about the person when the police encounter them personally and talk about what previously happen. They try and detect if they are hesitant, whether they seem to be lying or not, if they seem like they have a good head on their shoulders, and if they are cooperating. They try and find an explanation of forcible rape and feel it is very complex and advanced. They haven’t found one because of all the theories and ideas that people have that could be accurate. But by investigating police reports and previous situations, they are getting closer to defining one. The study in the book also explores different rape situations such as if there was just one person or if it was a group. The book also clarifies that they may be inaccurate with those who they are referring to as offenders because it is always slightly possible they haven’t done it if they are still denying it. The author examines factors that help the police determine if the case is solved or cleared. This book seems really involved and good information for my topic because it analyzes so much about the victims and rapists to try and figure patterns.
Block, Sharon. Rape and Sexual Power in Early America. Chapel Hill, University of
North Carolina Press, 2004.
In this book Sharon Block informs the reader of the history in Britain and how heterosexual was forces in so many cases especially between 1700 and 1820. Her goal is to combine different views of history to create a multi-dimensional insight to how things were at that time. She uses is as an example of sexual violence in our history that we aren’t aware of and how people viewed rape. Rape was thought of by the majority to be a terrible crime and many protests occurred trying to bring it to an end. However, rape crimes were never taken seriously enough to take legal action against the rapist. So Block is trying to show that Americans still understand that rape is a horrible crime and because things have changed over time, people are being prosecuted for it now. But more people should be because not all of them are reported. She relates the colonial view and understanding of rape to times now so that the reader can really see how things have changed, yet recognize that Americans did have the same morals and goals then and it’s just different how legal action was taken. This book also relates stability in power about different gender roles and sexualities with commitments to people of higher power. I think this article is good for my topic because it gives a lot of history and it’s interesting to see that we had them same views of rape at that time, but power is different now and that is why things are being handled more now. This related to deviance because of the power issue. We don’t realize as a whole how much power we have.
Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York, Simon and
Schuster, 1975
This a very good book for women to read and to evaluate if their taking a strong enough stand against the issue of rape and inequality of men and women even still existing today under the law. This book really seems get women to become more aware of how even in this day and age we are not equal to men. This book is about how our history is filled with horrible lies convincing women that rape was accepted in all societies because of the time. Because of that, women have a different view of rape today than they should. The author in this book talks about our past, and addresses how rape was dealt with in biblical times as well as marital and date rape. She also addresses police rape and child molestation. She goes through our history and times during World War 1 that should be remembered today. This book is very powerful and seems devastating at the same time. I think it would really go with my topic because lies from the past influence peoples’ view now. This book is proving that in our history, things are different than we think and if we knew how things really were, women may have a much stronger stand now against rape and speak out more and realize how much power women really do have and take advantage of it.
Clark, Anna. Women’s Silence, Men’s Violence: Sexual Assault in England. London;
New York, Pandora, 1987.
This book addresses the myth that everyone believes today that women should be careful and not go to certain places and certain times for our safety. Because when women do things like that and something serious occurs, it is her fault because she should not have been there. Because of that idea that all women think today, women are limiting their independence and growing more and more dependent on men, such fathers, husbands, and brothers. This author, however, claims that this is a very recent theory. The author explains that rapes are common as now as they were back then and rapists still target at young women, just like back then. There was always violence against women in our world. What’s different from then and now that our society is not aware of is that back in the 17 and 1800s, a rapist would rape women in their homes or where they worked usually. Not in a random place a woman should have known not to be at. This recent warning for women is based on nothing from our past because that was never the case. This is helpful source for my topic because it clears a lot up and gives up a little history about rape in our past.
Russel, Diana E. H. Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Workplace
Harassment. Beverly Hills, California, Sage Publications, 1984.
In this book, common causes of sexual violence are studied and examined in child sexual abuse, rape, and sexual violence in the workplace. This book is very descriptive and gives a lot of information on all different kinds of rape that exist in our society that we aren’t even familiar with such as marital rape, date rape, male rape, tempted rape, heterosexual and homosexual rape, female on male rapes, etc. She also addresses how pornography and media violence and sexual abuse plays a role in sexual violence. She also explains how male and female roles contribute to rape and rape-prone. She addresses the many different kinds of intercourse. Sometimes forced but other times rapes occur when women are asleep, unconscious, drugged up, and therefore totally useless and helpless. She compares rapes by friends, family members, boyfriends, husbands, exboyfriends, coworkers, etc. She did research on statistics showing that attempted rape in San Francisco is so incredibly high. She also points out that women over 80 years old get raped and she compares rape in different time periods. This book seems like it includes every thing possible you can think of when it comes to rape. She has listed all the different kinds and different ages and examples and her research shows so much shocking evidence. With all the different researches she has done she offers you a lot of information to make comparisons and contrasts which are really helpful and informative.
Sommerville, Diane Miller. Rape and Race in the Nineteenth-Century South. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
This book revolves around the case in the 1880s in the South about an 8 year old girl who was white and was raped one day by a black teenager. After her doctor’s exam they noticed there was a lot of harm done and brought it to court. The boy was arrested accused of sexual assault but the jury couldn’t really agree as a whole that he was the one who did it. He was tried times after that and couldn’t be found guilty, but was never given prison time. This author discusses the Jim Crow South and that this case contradicts what we all know about the South during those times. Blacks were executed for crimes during that time because of how little power they had and how big racism was. This case and book proves how rape was dealt with very hesitantly then. Her goal in this book is for us to reconsider after reading this book what we think we know about our history. This case gives us a different look, considering this boy was barely punished for committing a very serious crime that would be punished severely today if reported and found guilty. This book really shows how rape is such an uncertain issue. I feel like people in our history didn’t know how to deal with. I would have thought, based on what I know about the South, that this boy would have been executed, or if not, prison for life. This is a shocking case that makes you re-evaluate what you think you know.
Unpublished Manuscript
Bergen, Raquel Kennedy. Marital Rape: New Research and Directions
This manuscript really is into how serious marital rape is without people thinking so. Researchers have discovered that between 10 and 14% of married women get raped. But that percentage goes much higher if you tally in the people who unwillingly have sex. She talks about rape among all kinds of marital relations: couples who are divorced, separated, legally married, long term marriage relationships, and homosexual couples. This author explains that some women get raped very frequently if they are in physically abusive relationships and may not even realized that they are getting raped when they are. They may refer to it as rape but just another feature of their abusive relationship. It is mentioned in this article that people didn’t even think rape in marriage was able to occur just more than forty years ago. Marital rape to the majority of people is considered less of a crime than rape on its own for some reason and this article is fighting against that by exploring all the different types of marital rape that is occurring without people realizing. Marital reports especially are extremely underreported because women feel they are married and don’t want to bring it to the courts. A statistic mentioned in this manuscript says that only 50% of college males thought it was possible for a wife to be raped by her husband. Another statistic was that college students think marital rape is less of a crime than a woman getting raped by a complete stranger. I find this article very interesting and it applies to my topic in that it is an eye opener to rape in marriages and that it occurs so much more than people think. Just because people are lawfully committed to one another, many don’t want to report it so these rapes are hardly recognized when they need to be.
Others:
(Video)
The Accused. Producers: Jonathan Kaplan; Stanley R. Jaffe; Sherry Lansing. Actors:
Kelly McGillis; Jodie Foster. Videocassette. Paramount Pictures, 1989.
This video is about a gang raping a young women who is very independent outside of a bar one night. She was drugged up and extremely drunk and acting very aggressive and provocative while they were out so these men felt she was leading them on and thought it was okay to rape her because of that. The DA is a woman who is on her side and wants people to know that just because someone may be acting wild out one does not mean it is at all okay to touch them or force yourselves on them, yet alone rape them. Especially a young woman who is by herself. The DA want everyone involved to get into trouble including those who had nothing to do with it but did nothing to prevent it and, in some cases, provoked it. I really like this video for my topic because it shows that everyone interprets things very differently and there are two sides to every story. These men were right that she was acting slutty but they were wrong by taking it to the extreme. The DA is trying to set an example for society and prove that people who commit deviant and bad acts that are against the law and morally wrong, are going to get punished and that is why she goes after them.
(Website)
Gross, Hank. "Female prison guard from Kingston charged with raping male inmate."
Daily Freeman. 29 September 2007.
This website is a story of an incident that occurred early in September of this year. A female security guard by the name of Marcy Brodhead who is 30 years old, raped an inmate who was unidentified during the night in his prison cell. When questioned she said they were in a relationship. However, if a guard has sex with a prisoner, it is with out a doubt considered rape, even if it is 100% consensual. Her relationship started by her passing notes to him then all of a sudden turned sexual. He denies any kind of relationship and he was the one who reported her and also said she would give the inmates marijuana. She was faced a lot of charges because of this act. She was charges with rape, committed a “criminal sexual act”, misconduct, and was charged with encouraging contraband in the prison. I picked this article because it shows rape on the reverse side of a female on male. I also picked it because I didn’t realize all the trouble a person can get into if they are a prison guard and have sex with an inmate, even if they are in a relationship. For all we know based on this article, they may have been in one. I think this is a very deviant act on her part for a couple of reasons. First, she forced herself on a man, which is considered unusual in our society and she completely violated the prison rule. I think this was a very deviant act on her part.
(Podcast)
Kim; Nikki. “Forgive the Wait [Podcast].” <podfeed.net>
This podcast opens up with a song which talks about a girl who is still waiting. She says that everyone says time heals everything, but not in her case because she is suffering. She feels nothing is left for her to figure out, She has went through something a paid a price. She isn’t ready to back down because she wants revenge and she says she will never do what anyone thinks she should do. The radio show host then talks about why people don’t report abuse. One main reason is from a theory in a book-that there are many levels of telling because each time you tell it is a different situation. It is different if your telling your parents, the police, your best friend, your boy friend, your therapist, or even your support group. Also, each time you tell you may experience a different feeling based on who the person you’re breaking it to is or what kind of mood you’re in. A woman comes on and talks sexual abuse with children. 218 child sexual abuse victims were talked to in the DA office which shows that sexual child abuse is getting more serious. The show discusses reasons why children fear to tell when they get sexually abused. They are scared of negative consequences. If adults think they are lying they may be punished or embarrassed to approach their parents or someone older than them. I think this is a really good source to have because you’re hearing it first and it’s nice to hear people speak about it. You can sense their tone and can tell that they it is a very serious issue and they are concerned with this violence occurring so much in our society.
(Website)
NA. "Gang-rape victim faces lashes." News.com.au. 6 March 2007.
This is a story about a 19 year old Saudi Arabian woman who was blackmailed a year ago by a man who threatened if she didn’t meet with him he would reveal to her family that they were in a serious relationship which is against the law because she is married. She meets with him and is driving off with him one day and they are both kidnapped by a gang of men and she was raped 14 times. Five of the men were caught. She was, however, seen as guilty because she met a man outside of her religion. When he brother found this out, he beat her up because it was an insult to her family and to her culture. She and the man were sentenced to lashes because of the crime they had committed, which was being alone together in a car. She got sentenced to prison as well. One of the judges after told her she was lucky that was all she had to face and treated her guilty which outraged a reporter who felt no one who is raped is guilty. I chose this article because I think it does an excellent job of showing what’s considered deviant in other cultures. This girl lives her life with absolutely no freedom and cannot even wear what she wants each day. In our society those men would have been convicted worse and she would have been completely innocent. The fact that her brother beat her up as well is considered deviant to our society. This article really proves that deviance is based on culture and is viewed differently by everyone.
(Website)
Quinn, Kathleen. "APS Program Spotlight: Older Women: Hidden Sexual Abuse
Victims." 5 June 1997.
What is unique about this article is that it is one of the very few that addresses and discusses rape in elderly women. Children and women, especially, are recognized with rape issues because they are the most common group it occurs to. This article points out that elderly sexual abuse is barely written about in professional literature and people don’t even consider that this is occurring in our world because it seems outlandish. What they make note of in this article is that everyone knows rape and sexual abuse is about superiority and power. Old women who are frail and need help with everything they do are the weakest of the people it happens to. They are often misled into thinking that someone is taking care of them when in reality they are mistreating them sexually. Old people are just used to constant help and don’t even think of sexual abuse, which is why it rarely gets reported or even noticed for that matter. Rape with older women is the easiest because they are so easily fooled. I think this is a very important article and this issue seriously needs to be addressed. Elderly women are barely even recognized by social workers who work with this type stuff everyday because they think that older people probably aren’t going to be here much longer so it’s not worth following through on and a lot of times older people tend to make stuff up, so similar to rape in children, they are at a strong disadvantage.
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